Does cha2ds2-vasc score predict mace in patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting surgery?

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the prognostic value of CHA2DS2-VASc score in individuals undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. Methods: Records of consecutive 464 patients who underwent elective isolated CABG, between January 2015 and August 2017, were retrospectively reviewed. A major adverse cardiac event (MACE) was the primary outcome of this study. MACE in patients with low (L) (<2, n: 238) and high (H) (≤2, n: 226) CHA2DS2-VASc scores were compared. Univariate logistic regression analysis identified preditors of MACE. Results: Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and peripheral vascular disease were more frequent in the H group than in the L group. European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) I and SYNTAX I scores were similar in both groups while SYNTAX II-CABG score was significantly higher in the H group than in the L group. Postoperative myocardial infarction, need for intra-aortic balloon pump, acute renal failure, and mediastinitis were more frequent in the H group than in the L group. The H group had significantly higher in-hospital mortality and MACE rates than the L group (P<0.01). EuroSCORE I, SYNTAX II-CABG, and CHA2DS2-VASc scores were predictors for MACE. SYNTAX II-CABG > 25.1 had 68.4% sensitivity and 52.7% specificity (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.653, P=0.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.607-0.696) and CHA2DS2-VASc > 2 had 52.6% sensitivity and 84.1% specificity (AUC: 0.752, P<0.01, 95% CI: 0.710-0.790) to predict MACE. Pairwise comparison of receiver-operating characteristic curves revealed similar accuracy for both scoring systems. Conclusion: CHA2DS2-VASc score may predict MACE in patients undergoing isolated CABG.

Factores asociados a la supervivencia al año de vida en neonatos con cardiopatía congénita severa en un Hospital Nacional de Perú / Factors associated with survival at one year of life in neonates with severe congenital cardiopathy in A National Hospital in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar los factores asociados a la supervivencia en el primer año de vida en neonatos con cardiopatía congénita severa atendidos en un hospital nacional de Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 160 niños nacidos entre el 2012 y 2015 con diagnóstico de alguna cardiopatía congénita severa que ingresaron al Servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins del Seguro Social del Perú. En el análisis de supervivencia se utilizó el método de Kaplan-Meier y la prueba Log-Rank. Se realizaron análisis crudos y ajustados mediante modelos de regresión de Cox. Resultados. El 52,5% de los pacientes fueron de sexo masculino y la cardiopatía congénita severa más frecuente fue la atresia pulmonar (26,3%). El 33,7% de los pacientes fallecieron, siendo la supervivencia al año del 66,3% (IC95% 58,4-73,0). El diagnóstico prenatal mejoró la supervivencia (HRa 0,54, IC95%: 0,30-0,98) mientras que las cardiopatías de tipo cianóticas (HRa 2,93, IC95%: 1,36-6,34) y la presencia de otra anomalía congénita (HRa 3,28, IC95%: 1,79-6,01) la disminuyeron, estos factores fueron también significativos en un segundo modelo estratificado por tratamiento quirúrgico con excepción del modelo estratificado por complicaciones donde un diagnóstico prenatal dejó de ser significativo. Conclusiones. El diagnóstico prenatal incrementa la supervivencia ante una cardiopatía congénita severa y permitiría un tratamiento quirúrgico oportuno; sin embargo, se debe considerar que las cardiopatías de tipo cianóticas y la presencia de otras anomalías congénitas extracardíacas disminuyen la supervivencia si se realiza una intervención quirúrgica o se presentan complicaciones.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine factors associated with survival in the first year of life in neonates with severe congenital heart disease treated in a national hospital in Peru. Materials and Methods. 160 children born between 2012 and 2015 with a diagnosis of severe congenital cardiopathy were studied and admitted to the Neonatology Service of the Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital of the Peruvian Social Security. The Kaplan-Meier method and the Log-Rank test were used in the survival analysis. Crude and adjusted analyses were performed using Cox regression models. Results. Fifty-two, point 5 percent (52.5%) of patients were male and the most frequent severe congenital cardiopathy was pulmonary atresia (26.3%). Thirty-three, point seven percent (33.7%) of patients died, with a 66.3% (IC95% 58.4-73.0) one-year survival. Prenatal diagnosis improved survival (HRa 0.54, 95% CI 0.30-0.98) while cyanotic cardiopathies (HRa 2.93, 95% CI 1.36-6.34) and the presence of another congenital anomaly (HRa 3.28, 95% CI 1.79-6.01) decreased it; these factors were also significant in a second model stratified by surgical treatment with the exception of the stratified model by complications where a prenatal diagnosis ceased to be significant. Conclusions. Prenatal diagnosis increases survival from severe congenital heart disease. However, cyanotic heart diseases and other congenital anomalies, which decrease this chance, should be considered, if surgery is performed or complications occur.

Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients

SUMMARY Diabetes is one of the most common chronic pathologies around the world, involving treatment with general clinicians, endocrinologists, cardiologists, ophthalmologists, nephrologists and a multidisciplinary team. Patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) can be affected by cardiac autonomic neuropathy, leading to increased mortality and morbidity. In this review, we will present current concepts, clinical features, diagnosis, prognosis, and possible treatment. New drugs recently developed to reduce glycemic level presented a pleiotropic effect of reducing sudden death, suggesting a potential use in patients at risk.

RESUMO Diabetes é uma das mais frequentes patologias crônicas em todo o mundo, cujo tratamento envolve uma equipe multidisciplinar, médicos generalistas, endocrinologistas, cardiologistas, nefrologistas e oftalmologistas. Pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) podem apresentar neuropatia autonômica cardíaca (NAC), levando a aumento de mortalidade e morbidade. Nesta revisão, apresentaremos atuais conceitos, características clínicas, diagnóstico, prognóstico e possíveis tratamentos. Novas drogas recentemente desenvolvidas para redução de níveis glicêmicos apresentaram efeito pleiotrópico de redução de morte súbita, sugerindo um potencial uso neste perfil de pacientes.

Recomendações da prática de enfermagem no manejo de anticoagulantes em unidade hospitalar: um direcionamento para o cuidado / Recommendations for nursing practice in the management of anticoagulants in a hospital unit: a guide for care

Introdução: Os anticoagulantes estão inseridos na classe de medicamentos com alto risco de eventos adversos e de acordo com suas características exigem extremo cuidado no seu manuseio. Nesse contexto, o enfermeiro torna-se fundamental no gerenciamento clínico aos pacientes em uso de anticoagulantes, com o objetivo do planejamento necessário para seu tratamento, acompanhamento e uso adequado de recursos no ambiente hospitalar. Objetivo Geral: discutir a prática de Enfermagem no cuidado aos pacientes cardiovasculares em uso de anticoagulantes em unidade hospitalar. Específicos: identificar as características epidemiológicas e clínicas dos pacientes cardiovasculares que utilizam anticoagulantes em unidade hospitalar, discutir as boas práticas de enfermagem relacionadas à anticoagulação de pacientes cardiovasculares em uso de anticoagulantes em unidade hospitalar e propor estratégias para o manejo de Enfermagem no cuidado aos pacientes cardiovasculares em uso de anticoagulantes em unidade hospitalar. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo com abordagem qualitativa. A obtenção dos dados foi mediante análise documental de prontuários através de um roteiro estruturado dos pacientes cardiovasculares que fizeram uso de alguma categoria anticoagulante durante a internação hospitalar. Foi realizada busca e estratificação em bases de dados de evidências científicas além de realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas aos enfermeiros de um hospital privado situado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Resultados: Quanto às características dos enfermeiros entrevistados, houve diferença significativa entres os sexos, sendo 78% (67) para o sexo feminino e 22% (19) para o sexo masculino. O número mais representativo de enfermeiros (29) esteve concentrado nos Centros de Terapia Intensiva. Quanto ao perfil dos prontuários de pacientes analisados, não houve diferença significativa entres os sexos embora o sexo feminino seja mais prevalente. A média de idade foi de 67,4 anos e o tempo médio de internação dos pacientes foi de 6 dias. Grande parte dos clientes tinha mais de duas comorbidades. Foi possível evidenciar práticas clínicas de enfermagem em relação aos anticoagulantes orais e subcutâneos. Os prontuários evidenciaram monitoramento laboratorial dos pacientes em uso desta classe medicamentosa com a observação de coleta de exame para analisar o fator anti-Xa. Quanto aos anticoagulantes intravenosos foi possível observar que os enfermeiros possuem autonomia para controlarem protocolo de heparinização venosa, realizando cálculos de dosagem para início e manutenção da terapia 97% (32), administram o anticoagulante em via exclusiva 91% (30), utilizam cateteres venosos mais calibrosos 85% (28), realizam monitoramento laboratorial 100% (33), através do Tempo de Tromboplastina Parcial ativado a cada 6 horas. E obtivemos resultados em relação a orientações aos pacientes e familiares quanto os principais riscos desta terapia, sangramentos e surgimento de hematomas. Conclusão: Destaca-se a importância dos enfermeiros na assistência qualificada, integral e individualizada à pacientes em uso de anticoagulantes, enfatizando a relevância do cuidado seguro e qualificado para a melhoria das condições de saúde do indivíduo.

Introduction: Anticoagulants are included in the class of drugs with a high risk of adverse events and, according to their characteristics, require extreme care in their handling. In this context, nurses become fundamental in the clinical management of patients using anticoagulants, with the objective of planning necessary for their treatment, monitoring and adequate use of resources in the hospital environment. General Objective: to discuss the Nursing practice in the care of cardiovascular patients using anticoagulants in a hospital unit. Specific: to identify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of cardiovascular patients using anticoagulants in a hospital unit, discuss good nursing practices related to anticoagulation of cardiovascular patients using anticoagulants in a hospital unit and propose strategies for Nursing management in the care of cardiovascular patients in use of anticoagulants in a hospital unit. Methodology: This is a study with a qualitative approach. Data collection was performed through documental analysis of medical records through a structured script of cardiovascular patients who used some anticoagulant category during hospital stay. A search and stratification of scientific evidence databases was carried out, as well as semi-structured interviews with nurses from a private hospital located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Results: Regarding the characteristics of the nurses interviewed, there was a significant difference between the sexes, with 78% (67) for females and 22% (19) for males. The most representative number of nurses (29) was concentrated in the Intensive Care Centers. Regarding the profile of the medical records of the analyzed patients, there was no significant difference between the sexes, although females are more prevalent. The mean age was 67.4 years and the mean length of hospital stay for patients was 6 days. Most of the clients had more than two comorbidities. It was possible to evidence clinical nursing practices in relation to oral and subcutaneous anticoagulants. The medical records showed laboratory monitoring of patients using this drug class with the observation of exam collection to analyze the anti-Xa factor. Regarding intravenous anticoagulants, it was possible to observe that nurses have autonomy to control venous heparinization protocol, performing dosage calculations for initiation and maintenance of therapy 97% (32), administer the anticoagulant exclusively 91% (30), use venous catheters more caliber 85% (28), carry out laboratory monitoring 100% (33), through activated Partial Thromboplastin Time every 6 hours. And we obtained results in relation to guidelines for patients and families regarding the main risks of this therapy, bleeding and the appearance of hematomas. Conclusion: The importance of nurses in qualified, comprehensive and individualized care for patients using anticoagulants is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of safe and qualified care for the improvement of the individual's health conditions.

Estratificación de riesgo de muerte a mediano plazo de pacientes evaluados por enfermedad coronaria con SPECT de perfusión miocárdica bajo efecto de dipiridamol / Predictive value of dipyridamole myocardial perfusion tomography on survival

Background: Dipyridamole (DIP) is the most commonly employed pharmacological stressor for myocardial perfusion tomography (SPECT) in patients unable to reach an adequate work load. Aim: To assess the predictive capacity of DIP SPECT on survival. Material and Methods: We included 985 adults aged 66 ±11 years (45% women) with rest and DIP-SPECT. The main indications for the procedure were coronary artery disease (CAD) screening in 66% and known CAD in 33%. Participants were followed up for a median of 65 months (interquartile range 54 to 86 months). During the follow up, 261 deaths were recorded and 98% had a specified cause in their death certificate. Results: Myocardial SPECT was abnormal in 44% of participants. Transient ischemic defects were observed in 34%, fixed defects concordant with infarction in 27% and post-stress systolic dysfunction in 23%. Twenty five percent of deaths were attributable to cardiac or ischemic cause and 22% to cancer. In a bivariate analysis, the hazard ratio (HR) of death of any cause was lower in females and higher in the presence of CAD. The multivariate analysis showed that being older than 46 years increased the HR of death of any cause. In a bivariate analysis, the HR for cardiac death was higher when the myocardial SPECT showed ischemia, necrosis or left ventricular dilation. In the multivariate analysis, post-stress left ventricular systolic function was associated with a lower risk of cardiac death. Conclusions: An abnormal myocardial SPECT, perfusion abnormalities, left ventricular systolic function or dilation are independent predictors of cardiac death in these participants.

Impact of discharge medication counseling in the cardiology unit of a tertiary hospital in Brazil: A randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of pharmacist-provided discharge counseling on mortality rate, hospital readmissions, emergency department visits, and medication adherence at 30 days post discharge. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial was approved by the local ethics committee and included patients aged 18 years or older admitted to the cardiology ward of a Brazilian tertiary hospital. The intervention group received a pharmacist-led medication counseling session at discharge and a telephone follow-up three and 15 days after discharge. The outcomes included the number of deaths, hospital readmissions, emergency department visits, and medication adherence. All outcomes were evaluated during a pharmacist-led ambulatory consultation performed 30 days after discharge. RESULTS: Of 133 patients, 104 were included in the analysis (51 and 53 in the intervention and control groups, respectively). The intervention group had a lower overall readmission rate, number of emergency department visits, and mortality rate, but the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). However, the intervention group had a significantly lower readmission rate related to heart disease (0% vs. 11.3%, p=0.027), despite the small sample size. Furthermore, medication counseling contributed significantly to improved medication adherence according to three different tools (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacist-provided discharge medication counseling resulted in better medication adherence scores and a lower incidence of cardiovascular-associated hospital readmissions, thus representing a useful service for cardiology patients.

Perfil de atendimentos do código azul em um hospital escola especializado em cardio-pneumologia / Perfil de asistencias del código azul en un hospital de enseñanza especializada en medicina cardio-respiratoria / Profile of attendances of blue code in a teaching hospital specialized in cardio-respiratory medicine

Introdução: a campanha lançada em 2005 pelo Institute for Healthcare Improvement, com o intuito de salvar 100 000 vidas, recomenda a implantação do Time de Resposta Rápida como uma das seis estratégias para diminuir o número de óbitos intra-hospitalares. Objetivo: descrever o perfil dos atendimentos do código azul de pacientes adultos em unidades de internação de um hospital especializado em cardiologia. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal retrospectivo realizado em um hospital terciário especializado em cardiologia e pneumologia no Brasil. A amostra foi composta por 88 registros de atendimentos do Código Azul entre período de setembro de 2010 e junho de 2014. Resultados: a média de idade foi 66 + 18 anos, com predomínio do sexo masculino (52,30 percento). A maioria dos casos ocorreu no plantão noturno, o tempo médio de chegada da equipe foi de 1 a 4 minutos, com duração da ressuscitação de 26 min. En la mayoría de los registros el ritmo de paro cardiopulmonar más menudo estaba actividad eléctrica sin pulso (40,00 percento). Após o atendimento, 42,00 percento dos pacientes apresentaram retorno à circulação espontânea e 58,00 percento teve como desfecho o óbito imediatamente após o atendimento. A mediana do tempo de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva foi de 3 (0 - 74) dias e de internação hospitalar foi 20 (1 - 174). Conclusão: observamos elevada mortalidade, mesmo após o atendimento sistematizado, prestado de forma rápida, por um time treinado de acordo com as diretrizes da American Heart Association. A população atendida era em sua maioria homens idosos tendo alguma cardiopatia grave como diagnóstico de base(AU)

Introducción: la campaña lanzada en 2005 por el Instituto para la Mejora de la Salud, con el fin de salvar 100 000 vidas, recomienda el despliegue del equipo de respuesta rápida como una de las seis estrategias para disminuir el número de muertes en el hospital. Objetivo: describir el perfil de llamadas código azul de pacientes adultos en unidades de internación de un hospital especializado en medicina cardio-respiratoria. Métodos: estudio transversal retrospectivo realizado en un hospital terciario en Brasil. La muestra estuvo integrada por 88 registros de asistencias al código azul entre septiembre 2010 y el período de junio de 2014. Resultados: la edad promedio fue 66+18 años, con un predominio de varones (52,30 por ciento). La mayoría de los casos ocurrió durante la noche, el tiempo promedio de llegada del equipo era de 1 a 4 minutos, duración de la resucitación de 26 min. En la mayoría de los registros el ritmo de paro cardiopulmonar más frecuente fue la actividad eléctrica sin pulso (40,00 por ciento). Después de la atención, en 42,00 por ciento de los pacientes había retorno a circulación espontánea y 58,00 por ciento tuvo como resultado la muerte inmediatamente después del atendimiento. La mediana de duración de estancia en unidad de cuidados intensivos fue de 3 (0-74) días y la hospitalización fue de 20 (1-174). Conclusiones: se observa alta mortalidad, incluso luego del atendimiento sistematizado, proporcionado rápidamente por un equipo entrenado siguiendo las directrices de la American Heart Association. La población atendida era sobre todo hombres mayores con algún diagnóstico de enfermedad grave de corazón(AU)

Introduction: The campaign launched in 2005 by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, in order to save 100,000 lives, recommends the deployment of rapid response teams as one of the six strategies to decrease the number of in-hospital deaths. Objective: To describe the profile of blue code calls for adult patients in inpatient units in a hospital specialized in cardiology. Methods: a retrospective cross-sectional study performed in a tertiary hospital in Brazil. The sample was composed by 88 records of attendances of the blue code between September 2010 and June 2014. Results: The mean age was 66+18 years, with a predominance of males (52.30 percent). Most of the cases occurred at night, the time average of arrival of the team was from 1 to 4 minutes, resuscitation duration was 26 min. In most registers, the more common rhythm of cardiopulmonary arrest was pulseless electrical activity (40.00 percent). After the attendance, 42.00 of patients had returned to the spontaneous circulation and 58.00 had the death as outcome, immediately after the attendance. The median length of stay at the intensive care unit was 3 (0-74) days and hospitalization was 20 (1-174). Conclusions: We observed high mortality, even after the systematic service provided quickly, by a trained team in accordance with the guidelines from the American Heart Association. The population answered was mostly older men having some serious heart disease diagnosis(AU)

Cardiac complications associated with the influenza viruses A subtype H7N9 or pandemic H1N1 in critically ill patients under intensive care

Abstract Background and objective: The clinical presentations and disease courses of patients hospitalized with either influenza A virus subtype H7N9 (H7N9) or 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus were compared in a recent report, but associated cardiac complications remain unclear. The present retrospective study investigated whether cardiac complications in critically ill patients with H7N9 infections differed from those infected with the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus strain. Methods: Suspect cases were confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays with specific confirmation of the pandemic H1N1 strain at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Comparisons were conducted at the individual-level data of critically ill patients hospitalized with H7N9 (n = 24) or pandemic H1N1 influenza virus (n = 22) infections in Suzhou, China. Changes in cardiac biochemical markers, echocardiography, and electrocardiography during hospitalization in the intensive care unit were considered signs of cardiac complications. Results: The following findings were more common among the H7N9 group relative to the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus group: greater tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient, sinus tachycardia (heartbeat ≥ 130 bpm), ST segment depression, right ventricular dysfunction, and elevated cardiac biochemical markers. Pericardial effusion was more often found among pandemic H1N1 influenza virus patients than in the H7N9 group. In both groups, most of the cardiac complications were detected from day 6 to 14 after the onset of influenza symptoms. Those who developed cardiac complications were especially vulnerable during the first four days after initiation of mechanical ventilation. Cardiac complications were reversible in the vast majority of discharged H7N9 patients. Conclusions: Critically ill hospitalized H7N9 patients experienced a higher rate of cardiac complications than did patients with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infections, with the exception of pericardial effusion. This study may help in the prevention, identification, and treatment of influenza-induced cardiac complications in both pandemic H1N1 influenza virus and H7N9 infections.

Complications after Surgical Procedures in Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: Results of a Prospective Registry / Complicações após Procedimentos Cirúrgicos em Portadores de Dispositivos Cardíacos Eletrônicos Implantáveis: Resultados de um Registro Prospectivo

Abstract Background: Complications after surgical procedures in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) are an emerging problem due to an increasing number of such procedures and aging of the population, which consequently increases the frequency of comorbidities. Objective: To identify the rates of postoperative complications, mortality, and hospital readmissions, and evaluate the risk factors for the occurrence of these events. Methods: Prospective and unicentric study that included all individuals undergoing CIED surgical procedures from February to August 2011. The patients were distributed by type of procedure into the following groups: initial implantations (cohort 1), generator exchange (cohort 2), and lead-related procedures (cohort 3). The outcomes were evaluated by an independent committee. Univariate and multivariate analyses assessed the risk factors, and the Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. Results: A total of 713 patients were included in the study and distributed as follows: 333 in cohort 1, 304 in cohort 2, and 76 in cohort 3. Postoperative complications were detected in 7.5%, 1.6%, and 11.8% of the patients in cohorts 1, 2, and 3, respectively (p = 0.014). During a 6-month follow-up, there were 58 (8.1%) deaths and 75 (10.5%) hospital readmissions. Predictors of hospital readmission included the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (odds ratio [OR] = 4.2), functional class III­-IV (OR = 1.8), and warfarin administration (OR = 1.9). Predictors of mortality included age over 80 years (OR = 2.4), ventricular dysfunction (OR = 2.2), functional class III-IV (OR = 3.3), and warfarin administration (OR = 2.3). Conclusions: Postoperative complications, hospital readmissions, and deaths occurred frequently and were strongly related to the type of procedure performed, type of CIED, and severity of the patient's underlying heart disease.

Resumo Fundamento: Complicações após procedimentos cirúrgicos em portadores de dispositivos cardíacos eletrônicos implantáveis (DCEI) são um problema emergente devido ao aumento crescente na taxa destes procedimentos e ao envelhecimento da população, com consequente aumento de comorbidades. Objetivos: Identificar as taxas de complicações pós-operatórias, mortalidade e readmissão hospitalar, e pesquisar fatores de risco para a ocorrência desses eventos. Métodos: Registro prospectivo e unicêntrico que incluiu todos os indivíduos submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos em DCEI no período de fevereiro a agosto de 2011. Os pacientes foram distribuídos por tipos de procedimento nos seguintes grupos: implantes iniciais (coorte 1), troca de gerador (coorte 2) e procedimentos em cabos-eletrodos (coorte 3). Os desfechos foram avaliados por um comitê independente. Empregou-se a análise univariada e multivariada para a pesquisa de fatores de risco e o método de Kaplan-Meier para análise de sobrevida. Resultados: Foram incluídos 713 pacientes, sendo 333, 304 e 76 distribuídos nas coortes 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Complicações pós-operatórias foram detectadas em 7,5%, 1,6% e 11,8% dos pacientes nas coortes 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente (p = 0,014). Durante os 6 meses de seguimento, houve 58 (8,1%) óbitos e 75 (10,5%) readmissões hospitalares. Preditores de readmissão hospitalar incluíram o uso de cardioversor-desfibrilador implantável ( odds ratio [OR] = 4,2), classe funcional III-IV (OR = 1,8) e uso de warfarina (OR = 1,9). Preditores de mortalidade incluíram idade acima de 80 anos (OR = 2,4), disfunção ventricular (OR = 2,2), classe funcional III-IV (OR = 3,3) e uso de warfarina (OR = 2,3). Conclusões: Complicações pós-operatórias, readmissões hospitalares e óbitos foram frequentes. Esses eventos estiveram fortemente relacionados ao tipo de procedimento realizado, tipo de DCEI e gravidade da doença cardíaca do paciente.

Avaliação da influência de alterações cardíacas na ultrassonografia vascular periférica de idosos / Assessment of cardiac influence on peripheral vascular Doppler in the elderly

Resumo Contexto As cardiopatias podem causar alterações no formato das ondas da ultrassonografia vascular (UV) em vasos periféricos. Essas alterações, tipicamente bilaterais e sistêmicas, são pouco conhecidas e estudadas. Objetivo Avaliar as ondas periféricas da UV de pacientes idosos para identificar alterações decorrentes de cardiopatias. Métodos Foram estudados 183 pacientes idosos submetidos a UV periférica no ano de 2014. Resultados Foram avaliados 102 mulheres (55,7%) e 81 homens (44,3%) com idade entre 60 e 91 anos (média de 70,4±7,2 anos). Encontraram-se alterações pela UV em 84 pacientes (45,9%). Foram identificadas 138 alterações de oito dos 13 tipos descritos na literatura: arritmia, onda bisferiens de pico sistólico, baixa velocidade de pico sistólico, pulsatilidade em veias femorais, bradicardia, taquicardia, onda de pulso parvus tardus e onda de pulso alternans. Houve baixa concordância entre a presença e a não presença de alterações na UV e na avaliação cardiológica. Na análise específica das alterações, os exames tiveram uma concordância variável, que foi boa para o achado de taquicardia, moderada para arritmia e baixa para bradicardia. Não houve concordância entre a UV e os exames cardiológicos para as demais alterações. Conclusões É possível identificar determinadas alterações cardíacas em idosos por meio da análise do formato das ondas periféricas da UV. É importante reconhecer e relatar a presença dessas alterações, pela possibilidade de alertar para um diagnóstico ainda não identificado nesses pacientes. Entretanto, mais estudos são necessários para que seja definida a importância das alterações no formato das ondas Doppler periféricas no reconhecimento de cardiopatias.

Abstract Background Heart diseases can cause changes to vascular ultrasonography (VUS) waveforms in peripheral vessels. These changes are typically bilateral and systemic, they have been little studied, and little is known about them. Objective To assess peripheral VUS waveforms in elderly patients in order to identify changes caused by heart diseases. Methods During 2014, a total of 183 elderly patients were examined with peripheral VUS and the results were analyzed. Results The sample comprised 102 women (55.7%) and 81 men (44.3%) with ages ranging from 60 to 91 years (mean of 70.4±7.2 years). Abnormalities were identified in VUS waveforms in 84 patients (45.9%). A total of 138 abnormalities were identified and classified into eight of the 13 categories described in the literature, as follows: arrhythmia, systolic pulsus bisferiens, low peak systolic velocity, pulsatile flow in femoral veins, bradycardia, tachycardia, pulsus tardus et parvus and pulsus alternans. There was low agreement between presence/absence of VUS abnormalities and cardiological assessments. Analysis of specific abnormalities revealed variable levels of agreement between VUS and cardiological assessments, ranging from good for tachycardia, moderate for arrhythmia, to low for bradycardia. There was no agreement between VUS and cardiological examinations for the remaining categories of abnormalities. Conclusions Certain cardiac abnormalities can be identified in elderly patients by analysis of peripheral VUS waveforms. It is important to recognize and report the presence of these abnormalities because there is a possibility that they may serve to signal hitherto unidentified diagnoses in these patients. However, further studies are needed to determine the importance of changes to peripheral Doppler waveforms to recognition of heart diseases.

Preditores de mortalidade em pacientes com cardiopatia isquêmica e cardiopatia chagásica crônica com cardiodesfibrilador implantável / Predictors of mortality in ischemic heart disease and Chagas disease patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

Introdução: A cardiopatia chagásica crônica e a cardiopatia isquêmica são duas das principais causas de insuficiência cardíaca crônica na América Latina e também são relacionadas a morte súbita cardíaca, sendo, portanto, indicações comuns para o uso de cardiodesfibriladores implantáveis. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar preditores de mortalidade em pacientes com cardiopatia chagásica crônica e cardiopatia isquêmica com cardiodesfibrilador implantável. Método: Estudo prospectivo histórico que incluiu 153 pacientes (65 portadores de cardiopatia chagásica crônica e 88 portadores de cardiopatia isquêmica), acompanhados entre 2003 e 2011 no Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio por um tempo médio de 32 (14,7-55) meses. Foram realizadas análises de degressão de Cox uni e multivariada além de teste de proporcionalidade de Schoenfeld e dos resíduos Cox-Snell. Resultados: Os grupos foram similares quanto a sexo, classe funcional e fração de ejeção. Quando analisados em conjunto, idade > 60 anos e classe funcional IV foram fatores de maior mortalidade. No grupo com cardiopatia chagásica crônica, baixa escolaridade e fração de ejeção < 30% aumentaram a chance de morte; já no grupo com cardiopatia isquêmica, apenas a idade aumentou a chance de morte. Os pacientes chagásicos apresentaram escolaridade e renda mensal inferiores, comparativamente aos isquêmicos. Conclusão: Idade > 60 anos e classe funcional IV foram preditores de pior evolução no subgrupo de pacientes portadores de cardiodesfibrilador implantável com cardiopatia chagásica crônica e cardiopatia isquêmica.

Background: Chronic Chagas disease and ischemic heart disease are two of the main causes of chronic heart failure in Latin America and are also related to sudden cardiac death and have, therefore, common indications for the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. The objective of this study was to measure mortality predictors in patients with Chagas disease and ischemic heart disease with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Method: A prospective study including 153 patients, 65 with Chagas disease and 88 with ischemic heart disease, between 2003-2011 at Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio. The follow-up was a median of 32 (14.7 to 55) months. Cox regression univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed in addition to Schoenfeld and Cox-Snell residuals to test proportional hazards. Results: The groups were similar for gender, functional class and ejection fraction. When analyzed in combination, age > 60 years and functional class IV were predictors for higher mortality. In the group with chronic Chagas disease, low education levels and ejection fraction < 30% increase in the probability of death; whereas in the group with ischemic heart disease, only age increased the probability of death. Chagasic patients had lower educational levels and monthly incomes when compared to ischemic patients. Conclusion: Age > 60 years and functional class IV were predictors of poor outcomes in the subgroup of patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator with chronic Chagas disease and ischemic heart disease.

Influência da deambulação precoce no tempo de internação hospitalar no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca / Influence of early ambulation in postoperative hospitalization following cardiac surgery

Fundamentos: Apesar do avanço tecnológico que visa a prolongar a qualidade de vida de pacientes submetidos acirurgia cardíaca, esse procedimento ainda é considerado de alta complexidade. A deambulação precoce é uma alternativa para melhorar a capacidade pulmonar, o condicionamento cardiovascular e o aumento do desempenho funcional. Objetivos: Avaliar o impacto da deambulação precoce sobre o tempo de internação na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e hospitalar em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado com 49 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca e admitidos na UTI, no período de outubro de 2014 a abril de 2015. Os pacientes foram estratificados em dois grupos: com e semdeambulação precoce. Deambulação precoce definida como o ato de caminhar até o terceiro dia de internação na UTI. Análise estatística realizada para verificar a existência de modificações no tempo de permanência hospitalare UTI entre os dois grupos de deambulação.Resultados: Foram estudados 49 pacientes, dos quais 55,1% homens, média de idade 55,2±13,9 anos, internados na UTI em decorrência de cirurgia cardíaca no período do estudo. Não se observou correlação estatística entre o ato de deambular precocemente com o tempo de permanência na UTI cardíaca (3,0±1,5 dias vs. 2,8±1,1 dias, p=0,819) e hospitalar (5,4±3,3 dias vs. 5,3±2,6 dias, p=0,903).Conclusão: A deambulação precoce não se associou a um menor tempo de permanência na UTI ou hospitalar.

Background: Despite the technological advances aimed to extend the quality of life of patients undergoing cardiac surgery, such procedure is still deemed a highly complex intervention. Early ambulation is an alternative to improve lung capacity, cardiovascular fitness and increased functional performance. Objective: Assess the impact of early ambulation on the length of stay in intensive care unit (ICU) and in hospital, for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 49 patients undergoing cardiac surgery and admitted to the ICU from October 2014 to April 2015. Patients were stratified into two groups: with and without early ambulation. Early ambulation is the act of walking up to the third day of ICU admission. Statistical analysis performed to check for changes in the length of stay in ICU and in hospital between the two groups of ambulation. Results: The study observed 49 patients (55.1% men) with mean age of 55.2±13.9 years, admitted to the ICU due to cardiac surgery carried out during the study period. No statistical correlation was found between early ambulation and the length of stay in cardiac ICU (3.0±1.5 days vs. 2.8±1.1 days, p=0.819) and in hospital (5.4±3.3 days vs. 5.3±2.6 days, p=0.903).Conclusion: Early ambulation is not related to a shorter length of stay in ICU or in hospital.

Infant Mortality in Novo Hamburgo: Associated Factors and Cardiovascular Causes / Mortalidade Infantil em Novo Hamburgo: Fatores Associados e Causas Cardiovasculares

Background: Infant mortality has decreased in Brazil, but remains high as compared to that of other developing countries. In 2010, the Rio Grande do Sul state had the lowest infant mortality rate in Brazil. However, the municipality of Novo Hamburgo had the highest infant mortality rate in the Porto Alegre metropolitan region. Objective: To describe the causes of infant mortality in the municipality of Novo Hamburgo from 2007 to 2010, identifying which causes were related to heart diseases and if they were diagnosed in the prenatal period, and to assess the access to healthcare services. Methods: This study assessed infants of the municipality of Novo Hamburgo, who died, and whose data were collected from the infant death investigation records. Results: Of the 157 deaths in that period, 35.3% were reducible through diagnosis and early treatment, 25% were reducible through partnership with other sectors, 19.2% were non-preventable, 11.5% were reducible by means of appropriate pregnancy monitoring, 5.1% were reducible through appropriate delivery care, and 3.8% were ill defined. The major cause of death related to heart disease (13.4%), which was significantly associated with the variables ‘age at death’, ‘gestational age’ and ‘birth weight’. Regarding access to healthcare services, 60.9% of the pregnant women had a maximum of six prenatal visits. Conclusion: It is mandatory to enhance prenatal care and newborn care at hospitals and basic healthcare units to prevent infant mortality. .

Fundamento: taxa de mortalidade infantil vem diminuindo no Brasil, mas continua alta se comparada à de outros países em desenvolvimento. O Rio Grande do Sul, em 2010, apresentou o melhor indicador de mortalidade infantil do Brasil. Entretanto, Novo Hamburgo apresentou o mais alto índice de mortalidade infantil da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Objetivos: Descrever as causas da mortalidade infantil no município de Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, no período de 2007 a 2010, identificando as causas de mortes relacionadas a cardiopatias e se elas foram diagnosticadas no período pré-natal, e avaliar o acesso aos serviços de saúde. Métodos: Foram incluídos os dados das crianças menores de um ano de idade que morreram, residentes no município, coletados das fichas de investigações do óbito infantil. Resultados: No período, ocorreram 157 óbitos, sendo que 35,3% eram reduzíveis por ações de diagnóstico e tratamento precoces, 25% reduzíveis através de parcerias com outros setores, 19,2% não evitáveis, 11,5% reduzíveis por adequado controle na gravidez, 5,1% reduzíveis por adequada atenção ao parto e 3,8% mal definidos. A principal causa de óbito estava relacionada a cardiopatias (13,4%). A ocorrência de cardiopatias apresentou associação estatisticamente significativa em relação às variáveis ‘idade do óbito’, ‘idade gestacional’ e ‘peso ao nascimento’. Em relação ao acesso aos serviços de saúde, 60,9% das gestantes realizaram seis ou menos consultas de pré-natal. Conclusões: Mostra-se necessária a qualificação do pré-natal, assim como o atendimento ao recém-nascido em nível hospitalar e na rede básica de saúde para prevenção da mortalidade infantil. .

Does Parsonnet scoring model predict mortality following adult cardiac surgery in India.

Aims and Objectives: To validate the Parsonnet scoring model to predict mortality following adult cardiac surgery in Indian scenario. Materials and Methods: A total of 889 consecutive patients undergoing adult cardiac surgery between January 2010 and April 2011 were included in the study. The Parsonnet score was determined for each patient and its predictive ability for in‑hospital mortality was evaluated. The validation of Parsonnet score was performed for the total data and separately for the sub‑groups coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve surgery and combined procedures (CABG with valve surgery). The model calibration was performed using Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness of fit test and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis for discrimination. Independent predictors of mortality were assessed from the variables used in the Parsonnet score by multivariate regression analysis. Results: The overall mortality was 6.3% (56 patients), 7.1% (34 patients) for CABG, 4.3% (16 patients) for valve surgery and 16.2% (6 patients) for combined procedures. The Hosmer–Lemeshow statistic was <0.05 for the total data and also within the sub‑groups suggesting that the predicted outcome using Parsonnet score did not match the observed outcome. The area under the ROC curve for the total data was 0.699 (95% confidence interval 0.62–0.77) and when tested separately, it was 0.73 (0.64–0.81) for CABG, 0.79 (0.63–0.92) for valve surgery (good discriminatory ability) and only 0.55 (0.26–0.83) for combined procedures. The independent predictors of mortality determined for the total data were low ejection fraction (odds ratio [OR] ‑ 1.7), preoperative intra‑aortic balloon pump (OR ‑ 10.7), combined procedures (OR ‑ 5.1), dialysis dependency (OR ‑ 23.4), and re‑operation (OR ‑ 9.4). Conclusions: The Parsonnet score yielded a good predictive value for valve surgeries, moderate predictive value for the total data and for CABG and poor predictive value for combined procedures

Hospitalización diurna como modelo de atención de salud en pacientes adultos inmunocompetentes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad / Respiratory day hospital care for immunocompetent adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia

Background: Day hospitals can reduce health care costs without increasing the risks of patients with lower respiratory tract infection. Aim: To report the experience of a respiratory day hospital care delivered to adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in a public hospital. Material and Methods: During the fall and winter of 2011 and 2012, adult patients with CAP of intermediate risk categories were assessed in the emergency room, their severity was stratified according to confusion, respiratory rate, blood pressure, 65 years of age or older (CRB-65) score and the Chilean CAP Clinical Guidelines, and were admitted to the respiratory day hospital. Results: One hundred seventeen patients aged 67 ± 16 years, (62% females) with CAP were attended in the respiratory day hospital. Ninety percent had comorbidities, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 58%, heart disease in 32%, diabetes in 16% and asthma in 13%. Their most important risk factors were age over 65 years in 60%, comorbidities in 88%, failure of antibiotic treatment in 17%, loss of autonomy in 21%, vital sign abnormalities in 60%, mental confusion in 5%, multilobar CAP in 23%, pleural effusion in 15%, hypoxemia in 41% and a serum urea nitrogen over 30 mg/dL in 16%. Patients stayed an average of seven days in the day hospital with oxygen, hydration, chest physiotherapy and third-generation cephalosporins (89%) associated with quinolones (52%) or macrolides (4%). Thirteen patients required noninvasive ventilation, eight patients were hospitalized because of clinical deterioration and three died in hospital. Conclusions: Day hospital care reduced hospital admission rates of patients with lower respiratory tract infections.

Segurança do teste de caminhada de seis minutos em cardiopatas hospitalizados / Safety of the Six-Minute Walk Test in Hospitalized Cardiac Patients

Fundamentos: Não há respaldo na literatura para atestar a segurança da aplicação do teste de caminhada deseis minutos (TC6M) em cardiopatas hospitalizados. Objetivo: Identificar os efeitos adversos ocorridos durante a realização do TC6M em cardiopatas hospitalizados. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo observacional, transversal, realizado em 30 portadores de cardiopatia que se encontravam hospitalizados. Neles foram realizadas duas práticas do TC6M em um corredor de 20 metros. Foram coletados a distância percorrida, os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e os sinais de intolerância ao esforço físico. Os efeitos adversos identificados em ambas as práticas foram classificados em: não cardiopulmonares e cardiopulmonares, sendo neste último grupo, subdivididos em não graves e graves. Resultados: Observaram-se efeitos adversos nas duas práticas do TC6M em 15 (50,0%) pacientes, sendo identificados: artralgia em membros inferiores (MMII), palpitação dispneia, dessaturação, tontura, náusea, hipotensão, bradicardia e dormência em membro superior esquerdo. Dos 30 pacientes, identificou-se em 4 (13,3%) pacientes efeitos adversos do tipo grave, sendo os 4 (100%) portadores de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e 3 (75,0%) também com diagnóstico de insuficiência coronariana (ICO) e dislipidemia (DLP).Conclusão: No TC6M, foi identificada uma baixa frequência de eventos adversos graves em pacientes cardiopatassob condição de hospitalização a partir de dois dias da sua admissão.

Background: There is no evidence in the literature to attest the safety of the six-minute walk test (6MWT) in hospitalized cardiac patients. Objective: To identify adverse events during the course of the 6MWT in hospitalized cardiac patients.Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional, conducted in 30 patients with heart disease who were hospitalized. Two 6MWT practices were carried along a 20-meter corridor. The distance traveled, the cardiorespiratory parameters and signs of intoleranceto physical exertion were collected. The adverse effects identified in both practices were classified as non-cardiopulmonary and cardiopulmonary, and in the latter group, divided into non-serious and serious. Results: Adverse effects were observed in both 6MWT practices in 15 (50.0%) patients, and the following were identified: lowerlimb (LL) arthralgia, palpitation, dyspnea, desaturation, dizziness, nausea, hypotension, bradycardia, and numbness in the left arm. Of the 30 patients, 4 (13.3%) patients presented severely adverse effects. All of the 4 (100%) patients had hypertension (SAH) and 3 (75%) were diagnosed with coronary artery disease (ICO) and dyslipidemia (DLP). Conclusion: In the 6MWT, a low frequency of serious adverse events was found in cardiac patients hospitalized two days afteradmission.

Diferenças regionais na transição da mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares no Brasil, 1980 a 2012 / Regional differences in cardiovascular mortality transition in Brazil, 1980 to 2012

Objetivo. Estimar a tendência temporal da mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares no Brasil no período de 1980 a 2012. Método. Realizamos um estudo ecológico de série temporal das taxas de mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares no Brasil. Os dados sobre óbitos foram provenientes do Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade e divididos em dois grupos: óbitos por doenças isquêmicas do coração (DIC) e por doenças cerebrovasculares (DCBV). Resultados. No Brasil, houve variação de -34,73% dos coeficientes padronizados de mortalidade para as DIC; aumento de 117,98% no Nordeste e de 10,26% no Centro-Oeste; e redução no Sudeste (-53,08%), Sul (-44,56%) e Norte (-4,39%). As DCBV apresentaram uma variação de -48,05%. A maioria das regiões apresentou redução nas taxas de mortalidade: -61,99% no Sudeste, -55,49% no Sul, -26,91% no Centro-Oeste e -20,78% no Norte. Só o Nordeste apresentou aumento (13,77%). Conclusões. Observamos uma tendência geral de queda dos coeficientes de mortalidade por DIC e DCBV no Brasil de 1980 a 2012, com marcadas variações regionais, sendo que as regiões Sudeste e Sul apresentaram os maiores coeficientes para os dois grupos de doenças e as regiões Norte e Nordeste, os menores. É importante considerar, nos planos de vigilância, as desigualdades no perfil epidemiológico entre as regiões do país.

Objective. To estimate the time trend of cardiovascular mortality from 1980 to 2012. Methods. We performed an ecological time series study of cardiovascular mortality in Brazil. Data regarding deaths were obtained from the Mortality Information System and divided into two groups: deaths from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and deaths from cerebrovascular disorders (CBVD). Results. A -34.73% variation in IHD standardized mortality rates was recorded for Brazil. Concerning specific regions, an increase was observed in the Northeast (117.98%%) and the Midwest (10.26%). IHD mortality rates fell in the Southeast (-53.08%), South (-44.56%) and North (-4.39%). For CBVD, the overall variation was -48.10%. Mortality rates were reduced in most regions: -61.99% in the Southeast, -55.49% in the South, -26.91% in the Midwest, and -20.78% in the North. Only the Northeast recorded an increase in CBVD mortality (13.77%). Conclusions. We observed an overall declining trend for IHD and CBVD mortality in Brazil from 1980 to 2012, with strong regional variation. Mortality rates were highest in the Southeast and South for both groups of disorders, and lowest in the North and Northeast. Surveillance efforts should take into account the regional differences in epidemiological profile.

Modified Blalock Taussig shunt: Comparison between neonates, infants and older children.

Objective: The aim was to compare various pre-and post-operative parameters and to identify the predictors of mortality in neonates, infants, and older children undergoing Modifi ed Blalock Taussig shunt (MBTS). Materials and Methods: Medical records of 134 children who underwent MBTS over a period of 2 years through thoracotomy were reviewed. Children were divided into three groups-neonates, infants, and older children. For analysis, various pre-and post-operative variables were recorded, including complications and mortality. Results: The increase in PaO2 and SaO2 levels after surgery was similar and statistically signifi cant in all the three groups. The requirement of adrenaline, duration of ventilation and mortality was signifi cantly higher in neonates. The overall mortality and infant mortality was 4.5% and 8%, respectively. Conclusion: Neonates are at increased risk of complications and mortality compared with older children. Age (<30 days), weight (<3 kg), packed red blood cells transfusion >6 ml/kg, mechanical ventilation >24 h and post shunt increase in PaO2 (PDiff) <25% of baseline PaO2 are independent predictors of mortality in children undergoing MBTS.